This fact does not provide any additional or more specific information related to the dating of the MS, because this type of ink has been used over many centuries. To briefly summarise the collective findings, there were only minor variations of the ink composition throughout the manuscript, and iron gall ink was used everywhere. Later, in 2014, Yale University initiated another range of forensic tests on the MS which have been reported in Clemens (2016) A detailed report of this analysis has been made available The combined date of the parchment was established as ranging between 14 with 95% probabilityĪt the same time, McCrone Associates analysed the inks and the pigments used for the writing and painting of the MS respectively. Were individually tested, and the probability curves of their 14C content were fully consistent with each other. In 2009, the University of Arizona performed a radiocarbon dating of the parchment. Multispectral images taken in 2014 equally did not show any signs of earlier writing, so it is certain that the parchment was not previously written upon and the MS is not a palimpsest. It was concluded that the parchment does not show any signs of erasure of earlier writing. The MS has been analysed under the microscope in January 2009 and in October 2009, both by McCrone and Yale specialists, and again in November 2014 An example is shown below, for folio 44r (top right corner). While this is usually best seen through a microscope, in some cases they are also visible to the naked eye. In many places marks of the stretching of the parchment during its production are visible. On the other hand, the parchment has been prepared with signficant care and effort, has an overall whitish colour and it is barely possibly to distinguish the hair side from the flesh side of the leaves in the MS, with only few exceptions Such deficiencies are not uncommon in parchment codices that are not of top quality. Some folios show concave outlines, some folios have holes, and in some places holes or tears were stitched during the parchment production process. The quality of the raw material is at best average.
The quality of the parchment used for the text block shows two different aspects. This binding will have been with the MS for most of the earlier part of its history. From insect holes, which are numerous on the first and last folios of the MS, conservators conclude that the original (or at least earlier) binding was made of woodĭiscolouring on the edges of the first and last folio further suggests that this wooden binding was covered with tanned leather. The stitching used for the binding is old, but it has not yet been established if this is original to the MS or not. The present cover is not original to the MS but was added at a much later date and it cannot tell us anything about the origin of the MS.
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The cover is made of goat skin, as established by a professional parchment maker who analysed the MS in November 2014, during a workshop at the Folger library in Washington The species was established in 2014 by means of protein analysis The Voynich MS has been written on parchment made of calf skin. When and how was the Voynich MS produced The materials The question about the number of people involved is briefly discussed The 'artist' is the person (or persons) who made the drawings, regardless of their perceived artistic quality. While this could be true, it is not necessarily the case and it is done for convenience and readability. I will usually refer to the 'author' as if the MS were conceived and written by a single person. scribe and artist), or that one role was performed by several different people (e.g. On this page, I am not referring to people but to 'roles', and leave open all possibilities, for example that several roles were performed by the same person (e.g. Several other people would have been more involved with the materials (parchment maker, book binder) and are not considered here.
These could be scribes/copyists or artists, or an author in case the MS is an autograph. The production of an illustrated medieval manuscript typically involved several different people. No attempt is made to identify sources used in the process. It will first address the process of creating the MS, and the time frame when this probably took place, followed by a discussion about the possible place where this happened, and the possible author(s). This page addresses the first part, the origin or creation of the manuscript. The history of the research and analysis of the MS.The history of the manuscript, describing its whereabouts and who owned it until present.The origin of the manuscript, describing its creation and addressing the questions where, when, who, how, how long etc.The history of the Voynich MS is described in three parts, on three pages: The origin of the Voynich MS Introduction
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